Small-molecule NNMT inhibitor discussed in preclinical metabolic/obesity contexts; human evidence is not established in the open literature.

Serotonin precursor from Griffonia simplicifolia; evidence for mood, sleep latency, & appetite regulation.

5-MeO-DMT is a potent psychedelic tryptamine known for its rapid & intense effects, with preliminary evidence suggesting it may reduce symptoms of depression, anxiety, & PTSD.

7-Keto DHEA is a non-hormonal metabolite of DHEA that supports thermogenesis & body composition improvement, particularly in overweight & obese individuals, without converting to sex hormones.

AOD-9604 is a synthetic fragment of human growth hormone that aims to promote fat loss by mimicking the lipolytic effects of hGH without its anabolic effects. It is primarily targeted at individuals seeking to improve body composition.

ARA-290 is a peptide analogue of erythropoietin designed to activate the innate repair receptor, showing potential in reducing neuropathic pain and improving nerve fiber density, particularly in sarcoidosis patients.

Acetyl-L-Carnitine is an acetylated form of L-carnitine that crosses the blood-brain barrier, supporting mitochondrial function & acetylcholine synthesis. It shows benefits for cognitive function & neuropathic pain.

Adderall is a mixed amphetamine salt formulation used primarily for treating ADHD & narcolepsy, enhancing attention & executive function through dopamine & norepinephrine modulation.

Afamelanotide is a linear MC1R-selective alpha-MSH analogue approved for photoprotection in individuals with erythropoietic protoporphyria, reducing pain and increasing tolerance to sunlight.

Agmatine sulfate is an endogenous metabolite of arginine that may help reduce neuropathic pain and enhance mood. It is potentially beneficial for individuals with neuropathic conditions and those seeking cognitive benefits.

Akkermansia muciniphila is a mucin-degrading gut bacterium associated with metabolic health improvements, including enhanced insulin sensitivity & gut barrier function, particularly in overweight & obese individuals.

Plant-derived long-chain omega-3 fatty acids (DHA/EPA) from microalgae; bioequivalent to fish-derived sources.

Choline donor supporting acetylcholine synthesis; evidence for acute cognitive function & power output in athletes.

Alpha-lipoic acid is a universal antioxidant active in both aqueous & lipid compartments that regenerates other antioxidants; it has strong evidence for reducing neuropathic symptoms in diabetic polyneuropathy & improving insulin sensitivity.

American Ginseng is an adaptogenic root known for its potential to reduce blood glucose levels, modulate immune function, & improve cognitive performance.

Aniracetam is a fat-soluble racetam that modulates AMPA receptors & has anxiolytic properties, potentially enhancing creativity, mood, & memory, particularly under stress.

Flavonoid found in chamomile; binds GABA-A receptors with mild anxiolytic/sedative properties. Direct human trials on isolated apigenin are lacking; evidence primarily from chamomile extract RCTs.

Artichoke Leaf Extract is used for its potential benefits in reducing LDL cholesterol, improving liver function, & alleviating symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome.

Adaptogen with consistent evidence for stress, cortisol, & testosterone support; one of the best-evidenced adaptogens.

Astaxanthin is a potent antioxidant derived from microalgae, known for reducing oxidative stress, improving exercise endurance, and enhancing skin health.

Astragalus is a traditional Chinese medicine root known for its immune-modulating and antioxidant properties, potentially supporting longevity and cellular health.

Leucine, isoleucine, valine; primarily support protein synthesis & reduce exercise-induced muscle soreness. Less useful if protein intake is adequate.

Pentadecapeptide with extensive animal/in vitro literature (injury & GI models). Robust human efficacy evidence is lacking.

Oral-marketed BPC-157 variant; clinical outcome evidence for this specific oral formulation is not established.

Adaptogenic herb with consistent evidence for memory & learning; benefits accumulate over weeks.

Baobab is a fruit pulp high in vitamin C, fiber, & polyphenols, with preliminary evidence suggesting benefits for blood glucose management, antioxidant status, & satiety.

Dietary nitrate is converted to nitric oxide, reducing O2 cost of exercise; strongest evidence for sub-elite endurance athletes.

Benfotiamine is a fat-soluble thiamine analogue that effectively raises intracellular thiamine diphosphate levels, showing promise in reducing advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) and symptoms of diabetic neuropathy, as well as potentially aiding in cognitive decline associated with Alzheimer's disease.

Alkaloid from Berberis plants with evidence for glycemic control & lipid improvement.

Berberine HCl is a hydrochloride salt form of berberine that improves solubility & is known for its AMPK-activating mechanism, showing evidence for glycemic control, lipid profiles, & metabolic syndrome management.

Raises muscle carnosine, buffering acid during high-intensity exercise lasting 1–4 minutes; causes transient paresthesia (tingling) at higher doses.

Beta-Sitosterol is a plant sterol that helps reduce symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and modestly lowers LDL cholesterol levels.

Betaine Anhydrous is a naturally occurring compound that supports methylation, power output, & muscle protein synthesis, particularly beneficial for strength & power sports.

Bifidobacterium Longum is a probiotic strain that supports gut health, reduces stress-related symptoms, & may improve sleep quality & immune function.

Commonly marketed for hair/skin/nails; evidence for benefit in non-deficient individuals is limited. Can interfere with lab tests at higher doses.

Bitter melon is a tropical fruit known for its potential to mimic insulin effects, reduce intestinal glucose absorption, & improve glycemic control, particularly in individuals with type 2 diabetes.

Bitter Orange, containing p-synephrine, is a stimulant that increases metabolic rate and lipolysis, often used for weight management and fat loss. It is considered to have a lower cardiovascular impact compared to ephedrine.

Menopause symptom support is mixed; some reviews suggest potential benefit for overall symptoms, but results are inconsistent & product variability is high.

Black cumin seed, also known as Nigella sativa, is used for its anti-inflammatory, antihistamine, & immune-modulating effects, with evidence supporting its use for asthma, allergies, blood pressure, & blood glucose management.

Black Seed Oil is a thymoquinone-rich oil known for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, & immune-modulating properties, with evidence supporting its use for asthma, blood pressure, blood glucose control, & immune enhancement.

Boron is a trace element that modulates sex hormone binding globulin, increases free testosterone & estradiol, enhances vitamin D activity, & supports calcium & magnesium retention in bone; evidence suggests benefits for hormonal balance & bone mineral metabolism.

Ayurvedic anti-inflammatory herb; AKBA fraction inhibits 5-LOX. Consistent evidence for joint pain & osteoarthritis.

Bovine colostrum is the first milk produced by cows after calving, rich in immunoglobulins, IGF-1, & growth factors. It is used to support immune function, reduce gastrointestinal permeability, & enhance athletic performance.

Bromelain is a pineapple-derived enzyme known for its anti-inflammatory & fibrinolytic properties, often used for osteoarthritis, sinusitis, wound healing, & sports injury recovery.

Buprenorphine is a partial opioid agonist used primarily for opioid use disorder treatment & pain management, offering a safer profile compared to full agonist opioids.

Buspirone is a non-benzodiazepine anxiolytic that acts on 5-HT1A receptors, used primarily for generalized anxiety disorder without the dependence, sedation, or cognitive impairment associated with benzodiazepines.

Butterbur is an herbal extract used primarily for migraine prevention and treatment of allergic rhinitis. It is important to use PA-free extracts to avoid potential liver toxicity.

Choline donor & cytidine source; supports phosphatidylcholine synthesis & dopaminergic function. Strong cognitive evidence.

CJC-1295 is a growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) analogue that elevates GH and IGF-1 levels, with the DAC form providing sustained effects suitable for anti-aging and body composition goals.

Acute performance & alertness benefits; individual sensitivity varies; timing matters for sleep.

Long-acting amylin analog investigated for obesity/weight management (incl. combinations such as CagriSema). Not a supplement.

Calcium is an essential mineral crucial for bone health, muscle function, and nerve signaling. Supplementation is particularly beneficial for individuals with low dietary intake, postmenopausal women, and those at risk of osteoporosis.

Calcium Alpha-Ketoglutarate (CaAKG) is a supplement studied for its potential geroprotective properties, aiming to reduce biological age and improve healthspan. It is being investigated for its effects on DNA methylation age, inflammatory markers, and metabolic parameters in middle-aged adults.

Calcium D-Glucarate is a supplement that may aid in detoxification & hormonal balance by inhibiting beta-glucuronidase, potentially supporting estrogen detoxification & cancer prevention.

Cannabidiol (CBD) is a non-psychoactive compound from cannabis with FDA approval for epilepsy treatment & growing evidence supporting its use for anxiety, pain, inflammation, & sleep disorders.

Capsaicin is an active compound in chili peppers known for activating TRPV1 receptors, which can increase thermogenesis and reduce appetite, potentially aiding in weight management and fat loss.

Carnosine is a dipeptide concentrated in muscle and brain, known for its roles in intracellular pH buffering, anti-glycation, and antioxidant activity. It is used to reduce AGE accumulation, improve exercise performance, and provide neuroprotection.

Casein protein is a slow-digesting milk protein that releases amino acids over several hours, making it effective for reducing overnight muscle protein breakdown. It is particularly beneficial for athletes and individuals engaging in resistance training when taken before sleep.

Cat's Claw is an Amazonian vine known for its anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating properties, potentially benefiting individuals with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.

Celexa is an SSRI approved for the treatment of major depressive disorder, with evidence showing good tolerability & effectiveness comparable to other SSRIs. However, higher doses may lead to QT prolongation.

Chaga Mushroom is a birch-parasitizing fungus known for its high antioxidant content, including beta-glucans & betulinic acid, which support immune function & reduce oxidative stress.

Chlorella is a freshwater microalgae known for its potential benefits in detoxification, lipid profile improvement, immune stimulation, & blood glucose modulation.

Chondroitin sulfate is a supplement commonly used for joint health, particularly in managing symptoms of osteoarthritis. It may help reduce pain and slow joint space narrowing, especially in moderate-to-severe cases.

Chromium Picolinate is a highly bioavailable form of chromium that may enhance insulin signaling & improve blood glucose levels, particularly in individuals with insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes.

Cinnamon extract is known for its ability to improve insulin sensitivity & reduce postprandial glucose levels, making it beneficial for individuals with type 2 diabetes. It also possesses antimicrobial & anti-inflammatory properties.

Cissus Quadrangularis is an Ayurvedic herb known for its potential to accelerate bone fracture healing, reduce joint pain, and aid in weight management. It is commonly used by athletes for tendon and ligament support.

Cistanche is a parasitic desert plant with emerging evidence suggesting benefits for testosterone support, libido enhancement, neuroprotection, and fatigue reduction, potentially through gut microbiome modulation.

Citrulline Malate is a supplement known to enhance exercise performance, particularly in strength & high-intensity activities, & reduce muscle soreness.

Clonidine is a central alpha-2 agonist used primarily for hypertension & ADHD, with evidence supporting its use in reducing anxiety, PTSD symptoms, opioid withdrawal, & tic disorders.

CoQ10 is a fat-soluble antioxidant and mitochondrial cofactor that supports cardiovascular function and may improve sperm motility and concentration, particularly in men.

Endogenous antioxidant & mitochondrial cofactor with evidence in heart failure & statin-induced myopathy.

Cold water immersion & cold exposure can reduce muscle soreness, enhance mood, activate metabolism, & reduce inflammation, benefiting athletes & individuals seeking recovery & mood enhancement.

Hydrolysed collagen supporting connective tissue, skin, & joints. Best evidence with vitamin C co-ingestion pre-exercise.

Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) is a naturally occurring trans fatty acid found in ruminant fats, known for modestly reducing body fat and preserving lean mass, particularly in overweight individuals.

Copper is an essential trace mineral important for connective tissue synthesis, iron metabolism, neurological function, and immune defense. It is often under-supplemented relative to zinc.

Cordyceps is a medicinal fungus used in traditional Chinese medicine; human RCTs show it may improve aerobic capacity & exercise tolerance, with the militaris strain consistently showing acute & chronic benefits for VO2max & time to exhaustion.

Supports high-intensity performance & lean mass; among the best-studied sports supplements.

Polyphenol with anti-inflammatory properties that may reduce exercise-induced soreness.

Standardized high-bioavailability curcumin extract with anti-inflammatory & recovery applications.

Cymbalta is an SNRI used to treat depression, anxiety, fibromyalgia, & diabetic neuropathy, offering benefits for both mood & pain management through central sensitization pathways.

Amino acid involved in testosterone synthesis signalling; evidence is mixed & may only benefit those with below-normal T.

D-Ribose is a pentose sugar that plays a crucial role in ATP & nucleotide synthesis, showing potential benefits for individuals with chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, cardiac energy depletion, & those needing exercise recovery.

Endogenous adrenal hormone precursor that declines with age; supplementation evidence mostly in older adults for bone density & well-being.

DIM is a supplement derived from cruciferous vegetables that modulates estrogen metabolism & may support hormonal balance, prostate health, & weight management.

DIM is a bioactive compound derived from cruciferous vegetables that promotes healthy estrogen metabolism, shifting the balance toward less potent 2-hydroxy estrogens. It is used for hormonal acne, PMS, and estrogen dominance.

DMAE is a choline precursor found in fish that supports acetylcholine synthesis, often marketed for cognitive enhancement and mood stabilization. Preliminary evidence suggests benefits for attention, mood, and skin firming when used topically.

DMT is an endogenous tryptamine & serotonin 2A agonist that may reduce depression & anxiety & promote neuroplasticity.

DSIP is a peptide that may help improve sleep quality and reduce sleep latency, with potential effects on cortisol modulation, though evidence is limited.

Dandelion root is traditionally used for liver detoxification & diuretic effects, with preliminary evidence suggesting anti-inflammatory activity & gut microbiome modulation.

Devil's Claw is an African herb known for its anti-inflammatory properties, particularly in reducing pain associated with low back pain & osteoarthritis.

Dihexa is a synthetic oligopeptide derived from angiotensin IV, primarily researched for its potential to enhance cognitive function and promote synaptogenesis. It is considered a highly experimental compound with no human evidence available.

Dihydroberberine is a reduced form of berberine with enhanced bioavailability, used to improve blood glucose regulation and lipid profiles, making it beneficial for metabolic health.

Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is the principal bioactive catechin in green tea, with thermogenic, antioxidant, & lipid-lowering properties; meta-analyses demonstrate modest but consistent reductions in body weight & cardiovascular risk factors including LDL cholesterol & blood pressure.

Ecdysterone is a phytosteroid that promotes muscle protein synthesis and lean mass gains without androgenic effects, making it popular among athletes for enhancing strength and performance.

Echinacea is an immunostimulant herb that enhances innate immunity, reduces the duration of upper respiratory infections, and decreases the incidence of colds and flu. It is effective when taken at symptom onset or prophylactically.

Effexor is an SNRI used to treat depression, generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety, & panic disorder. It is known for its dual action on norepinephrine & serotonin reuptake, which may offer superior efficacy in severe depression compared to SSRIs.

Anthocyanin-rich berry (Sambucus nigra) with antiviral & immune-modulating properties; evidence mostly for cold/flu duration.

Essential minerals for hydration, muscle contraction, & nerve function; critical for endurance athletes & those sweating heavily.

Eleuthero is an adaptogenic herb that supports stress adaptation, immune function, & endurance performance, making it beneficial for individuals facing physical & mental stress.

Eleuthero Ginseng, also known as Siberian Ginseng, is used for enhancing exercise capacity & supporting immune function, with limited evidence suggesting benefits for aerobic capacity & recovery.

GLA-rich oil with evidence for PMS, breast pain, & menopausal symptoms.

West African shrub used in traditional medicine; claimed testosterone support — human evidence is currently very limited.

Used as a galactagogue; network meta-analysis suggests increased milk volume vs placebo in small RCTs, but evidence base is limited.

Dietary fiber supplement supporting gut motility, microbiome diversity, & cardiovascular risk reduction.

Fisetin is a flavonoid with senolytic properties that helps clear senescent cells, potentially aiding in longevity & reducing age-related biomarkers in the elderly.

Marine-derived EPA & DHA; cardiovascular, anti-inflammatory, & recovery benefits. Most-purchased supplement worldwide.

Periconception folic acid lowers neural tube defect risk; standard public-health recommendation is 400 mcg/day for women who could become pregnant.

Forskolin is a diterpene from Coleus forskohlii that activates adenylyl cyclase, increasing cAMP levels. It is preliminarily used for testosterone support, fat mass reduction, and bronchodilation, particularly in men.

Primary inhibitory neurotransmitter; oral bioavailability is debated but some trials show sleep & stress benefits.

Copper tripeptide used mostly in topical/cosmetic contexts; evidence varies by formulation & endpoint.

GHRP-2 is a synthetic hexapeptide growth hormone secretagogue that stimulates GH release by acting on the ghrelin receptor, with moderate effects on cortisol and prolactin levels. It is used to enhance growth hormone secretion, particularly in individuals with GH insufficiency or idiopathic short stature.

GHRP-6 is a synthetic hexapeptide that acts as a ghrelin receptor agonist, primarily used to stimulate growth hormone release and increase appetite. It is known for its effectiveness in amplifying GH pulses but may cause side effects such as increased cortisol levels and hunger.

Blend product. Do not assume combination efficacy/safety from component evidence; direct blend trials are not established.

Gabapentin is primarily used to treat epilepsy, postherpetic neuralgia, & restless legs syndrome, & is also used off-label for neuropathic pain, anxiety, & fibromyalgia.

Garlic is known for its cardiovascular benefits, including modest reductions in blood pressure and improvements in lipid profiles. It also has antimicrobial properties and may support immune function.

One of the most-studied herbal supplements; modest evidence for cognitive performance & blood flow in older adults.

Amino sugar supporting cartilage synthesis; most evidence for knee osteoarthritis pain, especially glucosamine sulfate.

Glucosamine sulfate is a naturally occurring amino sugar that plays a crucial role in maintaining cartilage integrity and is commonly used to alleviate osteoarthritis symptoms. It is metabolized through the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway, influencing cellular signaling and inflammatory responses, which may extend its benefits beyond joint health.

Glutamine is the most abundant amino acid in the body & the primary fuel for enterocytes & immune cells; evidence supports its role in preserving gut barrier integrity under stress & dramatically reducing symptoms in post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome.

Master antioxidant; oral bioavailability historically questioned but liposomal forms show better absorption.

Inhibitory neurotransmitter & structural amino acid; 3 g before bed shows evidence for improving sleep quality & reducing daytime fatigue.

Gotu Kola is an Ayurvedic and TCM herb known for its ability to stimulate collagen synthesis, improve venous insufficiency, enhance cognitive performance, and reduce anxiety. It is particularly effective for wound healing and venous circulation, with moderate evidence supporting its cognitive enhancement properties.

Grains of Paradise is a West African spice that activates brown adipose tissue, increasing thermogenesis and potentially aiding in fat loss and weight management.

Grape Seed Extract is rich in proanthocyanidins, offering potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, particularly beneficial for cardiovascular health and blood pressure reduction.

Green Coffee Bean Extract is an unroasted coffee extract rich in chlorogenic acids that may help reduce postprandial blood sugar spikes and support modest weight loss. It is primarily used for blood glucose regulation and weight management.

Guanfacine is a selective alpha-2A agonist used primarily for treating ADHD in children & adults, improving prefrontal cortex function, working memory, & impulse control.

Gymnema Sylvestre is an Ayurvedic herb known for its ability to block sweet taste receptors, reduce sugar absorption, & lower blood glucose levels, making it beneficial for individuals with diabetes or those managing blood sugar levels.

HMB is a metabolite of the branched-chain amino acid leucine that inhibits muscle protein breakdown via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway; evidence supports modest preservation of lean mass & strength, particularly in older adults & catabolic states.

Hesperidin is a flavanone glycoside from citrus peel that improves microvascular circulation, reduces symptoms of venous insufficiency, and has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. It is often paired with diosmin for maximum vascular effect and is used to reduce leg swelling, hemorrhoids, and improve endothelial function in metabolic syndrome.

Hexarelin is a potent synthetic hexapeptide GHRP known for its strong growth hormone-releasing effects and potential cardioprotective properties through direct cardiac receptor activation.

Holy Basil, also known as Tulsi, is an Ayurvedic adaptogen known for its potential to reduce stress & blood glucose levels, & improve immune function.

Horny Goat Weed is a traditional Chinese herb known for its potential benefits in improving sexual function & bone health, primarily due to its active compound icariin.

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor from Huperzia serrata; potent cognitive effects but requires cycling due to accumulation.

Hyaluronic Acid is a naturally occurring substance that provides joint lubrication and skin hydration. It is commonly used to reduce knee pain and improve skin hydration, elasticity, and wrinkle depth.

Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy involves breathing pure oxygen in a pressurized environment, which can aid in wound healing, improve cognitive function, & support recovery from traumatic brain injuries & long COVID.

IGF-1 LR3 is a long-acting recombinant analogue of endogenous IGF-1, primarily used for muscle growth and tissue repair due to its ability to activate muscle satellite cells and enhance anabolic signaling.

Ibogaine is an alkaloid derived from the African shrub Tabernanthe iboga, known for its potential to interrupt opioid, stimulant, & alcohol dependence with a single administration. It is primarily used in addiction treatment, although its safety profile requires careful consideration.

Indole-3-Carbinol is a compound found in cruciferous vegetables that modulates estrogen metabolism & may aid in hormonal balance & cancer prevention, particularly in cervical dysplasia.

Intermittent fasting involves cyclical patterns of eating & fasting, such as the 16:8 or 5:2 methods, which can promote weight loss, improve metabolic health, & support longevity.

Iodine is an essential trace element required for thyroid hormone (T3 & T4) synthesis; severe deficiency causes cretinism & goiter, & adequate intake during pregnancy & early childhood is critical for normal neurodevelopment.

Ipamorelin is a selective pentapeptide growth hormone releasing peptide (GHRP) that stimulates GH release with minimal cortisol or prolactin elevation, showing potential benefits for recovery, lean body mass, and sleep architecture improvement.

Ferrous bisglycinate is an amino acid chelate form of iron with superior bioavailability & gastrointestinal tolerability compared to traditional iron salts; it is the first-line choice for iron deficiency anemia supplementation, particularly in pregnancy.

Blend product. Direct clinical evidence for the combination is not established; component evidence does not prove blend outcomes.

Tripeptide (α-MSH fragment) studied mainly in gut inflammation models; evidence is largely preclinical.

Kanna is a South African succulent known for its mood-enhancing and anxiolytic effects, primarily due to its mesembrine alkaloids that act as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and PDE4 inhibitors.

Ceremonial Pacific plant with anxiolytic effects; among the best-evidenced natural anxiety remedies. Requires proper sourcing.

Ketamine is an NMDA receptor antagonist known for its rapid-onset antidepressant effects, particularly in treatment-resistant depression, with response observed within hours.

The ketogenic diet is a very low carbohydrate, high fat diet that induces ketosis, with strong evidence supporting its use for epilepsy, type 2 diabetes management, & weight loss, & emerging research on neurological conditions.

Krill oil is a marine oil supplement derived from Antarctic krill, known for its high bioavailability of omega-3 fatty acids, which may support cardiovascular health, reduce inflammation, and alleviate symptoms of PMS.

L-Arginine is a semi-essential amino acid that serves as a precursor to nitric oxide, supporting vascular function, blood flow, & exercise performance, particularly beneficial for cardiovascular health & endurance athletes.

L-Carnitine is a naturally occurring amino acid derivative that plays a crucial role in energy production by transporting fatty acids into the mitochondria. It has been shown to improve exercise performance, reduce fatigue, and enhance recovery. However, its effects on weight loss and cardiovascular health are mixed, and high doses may increase TMAO levels, which is a potential cardiovascular risk factor.

L-Carnitine is a fatty acid transporter essential for mitochondrial energy production; its acetylated form ALCAR additionally crosses the blood-brain barrier, acting as an acetylcholine precursor with evidence supporting cognitive function in aging & cardiovascular-metabolic risk reduction.

L-Citrulline is a non-essential amino acid that enhances nitric oxide production, which can improve blood flow, reduce muscle soreness, & boost endurance performance, particularly in athletes.

Precursor to arginine & nitric oxide; used to support blood flow, reduce fatigue, & improve exercise performance.

L-Leucine is an essential branched-chain amino acid that plays a critical role in muscle protein synthesis, particularly beneficial for muscle growth and recovery in athletes, the elderly, and those on plant-based diets.

L-Lysine is an essential amino acid that plays a crucial role in protein synthesis and various metabolic processes. It is commonly used as a dietary supplement to support immune function, promote collagen formation, and potentially reduce anxiety.

L-Ornithine is a non-proteinogenic amino acid that plays a role in the urea cycle, helping to clear ammonia and reduce exercise-induced fatigue. It may improve endurance performance and sleep quality, and is often used with arginine to enhance growth hormone secretion.

L-Phenylalanine is an essential amino acid that serves as a precursor to tyrosine & catecholamines, potentially supporting mood & pain management.

Often paired with caffeine for 'calm focus'; evidence suggests reduced jitteriness & improved attention in some contexts.

L-Tryptophan is an essential amino acid that serves as a direct precursor to serotonin, supporting mood and sleep improvement. It is often used for mood support, sleep enhancement, and managing symptoms of PMS and seasonal affective disorder.

Catecholamine precursor (dopamine, norepinephrine) that may preserve cognitive performance under stress, sleep deprivation, or cold exposure.

L-Tyrosine is an amino acid precursor to dopamine, norepinephrine, & thyroid hormones, often used to support cognitive performance under stress, cold, & sleep deprivation.

LL-37 is an antimicrobial peptide involved in wound healing and immune modulation, with potential benefits for chronic wounds and infections.

LSD is a serotonin 2A agonist psychedelic being researched for its potential benefits in treating anxiety, depression, & cluster headaches, with early evidence suggesting it may promote neuroplasticity.

Lactobacillus Rhamnosus GG is a well-researched probiotic strain effective in preventing antibiotic-associated diarrhea, managing rotavirus diarrhea in children, & alleviating symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome.

Lactobacillus acidophilus is a probiotic strain that supports gut and vaginal health, with evidence for reducing IBS symptoms, preventing UTIs, and modulating cholesterol levels.

Lactobacillus crispatus is a probiotic that helps maintain a healthy vaginal microbiome, primarily used to prevent bacterial vaginosis and support vaginal health in women.

Lactobacillus gasseri is a probiotic strain that supports gut health, weight management, and immune function, with evidence suggesting benefits for visceral fat reduction and modulation of the gut microbiome.

Lactobacillus reuteri is a probiotic strain that supports vaginal health, bone mineral density in post-menopausal women, testosterone levels in men, and reduces infant colic.

Lactoferrin is an iron-binding glycoprotein from milk with antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, & anti-inflammatory properties, beneficial for gastrointestinal infections, iron deficiency anemia, & acne.

Lemon Balm is a mild anxiolytic herb that may help reduce anxiety & improve sleep quality, particularly in individuals with mild anxiety or stress-related symptoms.

Lexapro is a highly selective SSRI used primarily for treating depression & generalized anxiety disorder, known for its favorable tolerability & efficacy.

Medicinal mushroom; hericenones/erinacines may stimulate NGF. Evidence for cognition & mood is growing but still limited.

Lion's Mane Mushroom is a medicinal mushroom that supports neurogenesis, memory, & mood, primarily benefiting cognitive function & neuroprotection.

Lithium carbonate is a gold standard mood stabilizer primarily used for bipolar disorder, with evidence supporting its role in mania prevention, suicide risk reduction, & neuroprotection.

Lithium Orotate is a lower-dose lithium salt used as a dietary supplement, potentially offering mood stabilization & neuroprotective benefits based on epidemiological data.

Lumbrokinase is an enzyme complex derived from earthworms, known for its thrombolytic & anti-aggregation effects, potentially benefiting individuals with ischemic stroke & cardiovascular conditions.

Supported by AREDS2 context for AMD progression risk reduction when used as part of a specific formula in at-risk populations.

Lycopene is a carotenoid antioxidant found in tomatoes, known for its potential in prostate cancer prevention, cardiovascular protection, & skin photoprotection by scavenging reactive oxygen species.

MCT Oil is rapidly absorbed and converted to ketones, supporting energy production and cognitive function, particularly in those on ketogenic diets or with mild cognitive impairment.

MDMA is an entactogenic compound used in clinical trials for MDMA-assisted psychotherapy, showing significant remission rates for PTSD treatment.

MK-677 is an orally active growth hormone secretagogue that increases GH and IGF-1 levels, supporting muscle mass preservation and improving sleep architecture, particularly in elderly and obese populations.

Mitochondria-derived peptide with preclinical metabolic/exercise-related findings; limited established human efficacy evidence.

Studied for joint pain/function outcomes; evidence includes placebo-controlled trials with modest improvements in knee OA symptom scores.

Maca root is a Peruvian cruciferous vegetable known for its potential benefits in enhancing sexual function, fertility, & alleviating menopausal symptoms, as well as supporting athletic endurance.

Helpful when dietary magnesium is low; glycinate form is often well-tolerated. Evidence for sleep is mixed but plausible.

Highly bioavailable form of magnesium supporting cardiovascular, neuromuscular, & metabolic health.

Magnesium L-threonate is a novel magnesium compound engineered to cross the blood-brain barrier, elevating cerebrospinal fluid magnesium & synaptic density; human RCTs demonstrate improvements in cognitive performance, memory, & sleep quality in adults.

Maitake Mushroom is an edible fungus rich in D-fraction beta-glucans that stimulate immune cells, show antidiabetic effects, & may support weight management.

Manganese is an essential trace mineral that supports bone formation, collagen synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, and antioxidant defense, primarily benefiting bone health and metabolic functions.

Melanotan II is a synthetic analogue of alpha-MSH that primarily promotes skin tanning and may enhance libido and erectile function. It is used by individuals seeking increased pigmentation and sexual health benefits.

Pineal hormone that regulates circadian rhythms; reduces sleep latency & helps with jet lag & shift work at low doses.

Mescaline is a phenethylamine psychedelic primarily found in peyote & San Pedro cacti, known for its serotonin 2A receptor agonism. It has limited clinical research but shows preliminary potential in treating depression & substance use disorders.

Metformin is a biguanide antidiabetic medication primarily used to control blood glucose levels in individuals with type 2 diabetes. It is also being studied for its potential benefits in longevity, cancer prevention, & metabolic syndrome.

Methylene Blue is a phenothiazine dye that acts as a mitochondrial electron shuttle, with preliminary evidence suggesting potential benefits for cognitive enhancement, neuroprotection, & antimicrobial properties.

Milk Thistle is a hepatoprotective supplement that helps stabilize liver cell membranes & stimulate liver protein synthesis, beneficial for individuals with liver conditions such as alcoholic liver disease & nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).

Mirtazapine is a noradrenergic & specific serotonergic antidepressant (NaSSA) used primarily for treating major depressive disorder, particularly in patients with insomnia or poor appetite. It is known for its rapid onset of action & ability to improve sleep & stimulate appetite.

Modafinil is a wakefulness-promoting agent approved for narcolepsy & shift work disorder, & is widely used off-label as a cognitive enhancer with evidence for improving attention, working memory, & decision-making.

Moringa Oleifera is a nutrient-dense plant known for its potential to reduce blood glucose levels & provide anti-inflammatory & antioxidant benefits, particularly for individuals with metabolic concerns.

Mucuna Pruriens is a natural source of L-DOPA, used primarily for managing Parkinson's disease symptoms & enhancing male fertility.

Naturally occurring sugar alcohol with roles in insulin signalling, PCOS management, & neurological function.

Insulin sensitiser with strong evidence in PCOS; also studied for OCD, panic disorder, & fertility.

N-Acetyl Cysteine (NAC) is a cysteine precursor & potent antioxidant that replenishes glutathione, with evidence supporting its use in COPD, psychiatric conditions, addiction, acetaminophen overdose, & exercise recovery.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide precursor supplementation to support cellular energy metabolism & longevity pathways.

Nicotinamide riboside & mononucleotide raise cellular NAD+ levels, activating sirtuins & supporting DNA repair, mitochondrial function, & metabolic health in aging.

Naltrexone is an opioid receptor antagonist primarily used for treating alcohol & opioid use disorders. It is also being studied in low doses for autoimmune conditions & chronic pain disorders like fibromyalgia.

Enzyme from fermented soybeans with fibrinolytic activity; early evidence for cardiovascular & blood pressure benefits.

Niacin is an essential B vitamin that supports energy metabolism and is used in pharmacological doses to improve lipid profiles by raising HDL cholesterol and lowering triglycerides and LDL cholesterol. It is also used as nicotinamide for skin health and NAD synthesis support.

NAD+ precursor; early human trials suggest metabolic & energy benefits, especially in older adults.

NAD+ precursor similar to NMN; more human trial data available. Raises NAD+ reliably.

Noopept is a synthetic dipeptide analogue of piracetam, known for its potential to enhance memory, learning, & neuroprotection by stimulating NGF & BDNF expression.

Olive Leaf Extract, rich in oleuropein, is known for its cardiovascular benefits, including blood pressure reduction, and has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It may also improve insulin sensitivity and provide antiviral protection.

Cardiometabolic & inflammation-related outcomes; can support endurance recovery signals; evidence depends on dose & baseline intake.

Oxiracetam is a water-soluble racetam that may enhance memory & cognitive function, particularly in tasks involving spatial & logical reasoning. It is primarily used by individuals seeking cognitive enhancement.

Oxytocin is a hormone and neuropeptide that influences social bonding, trust, and anxiety reduction, with potential benefits for individuals with autism spectrum disorders and PTSD.

PT-141, also known as Bremelanotide, is a melanocortin receptor agonist approved for treating hypoactive sexual desire disorder in premenopausal women, enhancing sexual desire and satisfaction.

Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is an endogenous fatty acid amide that reduces neuroinflammation and peripheral pain, showing efficacy in chronic pain conditions such as diabetic neuropathy, fibromyalgia, and osteoarthritis. It is well-tolerated with no known drug interactions.

Panax Ginseng is an adaptogenic root known for enhancing cognitive performance, reducing fatigue, and supporting immune function. It is particularly effective for improving erectile function and has moderate evidence for boosting cognition and endurance.

Passionflower is an anxiolytic herb known for its GABA-A modulating properties, used to alleviate generalized anxiety, insomnia, & symptoms of opioid withdrawal.

Paxil is a potent SSRI used to treat depression, social anxiety, PTSD, OCD, & panic disorder, with notable withdrawal challenges.

Pea protein is a plant-derived protein isolate from yellow split peas, offering a complete amino acid profile. It is suitable for individuals avoiding dairy or soy, and supports muscle protein synthesis and lean mass gains comparable to whey protein when equated for leucine content.

Phenylpiracetam is a phenyl-substituted piracetam with stimulant properties, known for potentially improving cognition, physical endurance, & cold tolerance. It is banned by WADA for athletic performance enhancement.

Phosphatidylcholine is a major phospholipid component of cell membranes and serves as a direct choline source for acetylcholine synthesis. It is used for liver protection and cognitive function preservation, and as a delivery vehicle for other lipophilic nutrients.

Phospholipid supporting neuronal membrane integrity; best evidence for cortisol attenuation during exercise & memory in older adults.

Food-based flavoring ingredient to improve palatability & adherence in daily mixes.

Piperine is an alkaloid from black pepper that enhances the bioavailability of various nutrients and drugs by inhibiting intestinal enzymes. It also has modest anti-inflammatory and thermogenic effects.

Piracetam is a nootropic supplement that may enhance cognitive function & memory, particularly in aging populations & those with neurological conditions.

Potassium salt providing the essential electrolyte for cardiovascular & neuromuscular function.

Pramiracetam is a potent nootropic that enhances high-affinity choline uptake, potentially improving long-term memory formation & attention, particularly in individuals with cognitive impairment.

Pregabalin is a medication used to treat epilepsy, fibromyalgia, neuropathic pain, & generalized anxiety disorder. It is known for its anxiolytic effects & is more potent than gabapentin.

Pregnenolone is a master steroid precursor synthesized from cholesterol, with preliminary evidence suggesting benefits for memory, neuroplasticity, depression, & fatigue through neurosteroid & GABA modulation.

Multi-strain probiotic formulations supporting gut health, immune function, & respiratory infection prevention.

Probiotics are live microorganisms that provide health benefits, particularly for gut health, immune function, & potentially mood & metabolic health.

Propolis is a resinous substance produced by bees, known for its antimicrobial and immune-supportive properties. It is used for its potential benefits in wound healing, gut health, and as an antioxidant.

Propranolol is a non-selective beta-blocker used primarily for cardiovascular conditions & anxiety, including performance anxiety & PTSD reconsolidation.

Prozac is an SSRI antidepressant used to treat depression, OCD, panic disorder, bulimia, & PMDD, with a favorable safety profile & long half-life.

Psilocybin is a classic psychedelic that acts as a serotonin 2A receptor agonist, showing promise in clinical trials for treating depression, PTSD, addiction, & existential distress in terminal illness.

Psyllium husk is a soluble dietary fiber from Plantago ovata that effectively reduces LDL cholesterol, normalizes blood glucose levels, relieves constipation, and enhances gut microbiome diversity. It is FDA-approved for cardiovascular disease risk reduction.

Pterostilbene is a methylated analogue of resveratrol with superior bioavailability, known for its antioxidant effects, cognitive protection, blood glucose modulation, & anti-inflammatory activity.

Pycnogenol is a standardized pine bark extract rich in procyanidins, known for improving endothelial function, reducing symptoms of chronic venous insufficiency, decreasing osteoarthritis pain, and enhancing attention in ADHD. It has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and vascular benefits.

Pygeum Africanum is a herbal supplement derived from the African plum tree bark, used primarily to alleviate symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) & improve urinary health in men.

Pyrroloquinoline Quinone (PQQ) is a redox cofactor that supports mitochondrial biogenesis & provides antioxidant protection, with preliminary evidence suggesting benefits for cognitive function & energy metabolism.

Flavonoid with anti-inflammatory & senolytic properties; often combined with EGCG or fisetin.

Rapamycin is an mTOR inhibitor primarily used as an immunosuppressant, with emerging evidence suggesting potential benefits in extending lifespan & improving aging biomarkers in humans.

Studied for menopause symptoms; findings are inconsistent & some studies have higher risk of bias.

Red light and near-infrared therapy, also known as photobiomodulation, is used to enhance mitochondrial function and reduce oxidative stress, with evidence supporting its use for wound healing, pain reduction, skin rejuvenation, and cognitive performance.

Red Yeast Rice is a fermented rice product that contains monacolin K, which is identical to lovastatin and helps reduce LDL cholesterol levels by 20-30%. It is effective for individuals with hypercholesterolemia, but its potency can vary between products.

Reishi Mushroom is an adaptogenic mushroom known for its immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, & stress-reducing properties, often used to support immune function & stress adaptation.

Polyphenol found in red grapes; SIRT1 activator. Mixed clinical results despite strong preclinical data.

Investigational triple agonist (GIP/GLP-1/glucagon receptors) studied for obesity; not a dietary supplement. Phase 2 data are robust; phase 3 TRIUMPH program is ongoing.

Adaptogenic herb with evidence for reducing mental & physical fatigue; used by athletes for anti-fatigue & mild cognitive support.

Riboflavin is an essential B vitamin that functions as a cofactor in mitochondrial energy production and fatty acid oxidation. It is particularly effective in high doses for migraine prevention and may benefit individuals with mitochondrial disorders.

Ritalin is a dopamine & norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor approved for ADHD, with strong evidence for improving attention, focus, impulse control, & academic performance in individuals with ADHD.

Rutin is a flavonoid glycoside of quercetin with anti-thrombotic, anti-inflammatory, and vascular-protective properties, commonly used for venous insufficiency and edema reduction.

SAMe is a methyl donor involved in neurotransmitter synthesis, with strong evidence supporting its use for depression treatment, osteoarthritis pain relief, and liver health. It is often used as an adjunct to SSRIs.

Mitochondria-targeting peptide investigated clinically; the pivotal phase 3 MMPOWER-3 trial did not meet its primary endpoints in the overall PMM population.

Saffron is a spice-derived supplement known for its antidepressant properties, showing comparable efficacy to SSRIs for mild-to-moderate depression with fewer side effects. It is also studied for its effects on PMS, memory, and appetite.

Sauna or heat therapy involves repeated heat exposure that can improve cardiovascular health, reduce depression symptoms, and aid in athletic recovery.

Berry extract traditionally used for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) & hair loss; evidence is mixed.

Schisandra is an adaptogenic berry known for its ability to modulate cortisol levels, support liver detoxification, and reduce stress-induced cognitive decline. It is traditionally used in Chinese medicine for longevity, performance, and mental clarity.

Sea Buckthorn is a berry rich in omega-7 fatty acids, tocopherols, & carotenoids, known for supporting mucous membrane health, skin hydration, cardiovascular protection, & immune function.

Peptide with anxiolytic claims largely from limited/region-specific clinical literature; evidence quality varies.

Selenium is an essential trace mineral incorporated into selenoproteins including glutathione peroxidase & thioiodothyronine deiodinases; the thyroid contains the highest selenium concentration per gram of any tissue, & supplementation reduces thyroid antibodies & supports hormone synthesis in deficient individuals.

Semaglutide is a GLP-1 receptor agonist used for significant weight loss and glycemic control in individuals with obesity and type 2 diabetes. It is administered as a once-weekly injection and has shown efficacy in reducing body weight by 15-17% in clinical trials.

ACTH fragment analog researched in neuroprotection/nootropic contexts; most evidence is mechanistic/preclinical or limited clinical literature.

Sermorelin is a synthetic analogue of endogenous growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) that stimulates pituitary growth hormone (GH) release. It is used clinically in pediatric GH deficiency and wellness medicine for recovery, sleep quality, and lean mass preservation.

Serrapeptase is a silkworm-derived enzyme with anti-inflammatory & fibrinolytic properties, potentially beneficial for reducing inflammation & pain in conditions like sinusitis, breast engorgement, & carpal tunnel syndrome.

Shatavari is an Ayurvedic adaptogen primarily used for female reproductive health, including galactagogue effects, support for PCOS, & alleviation of menopausal symptoms.

Shiitake mushrooms contain bioactive compounds like lentinan & eritadenine that support immune function, cardiovascular health, & gut microbiota.

Shilajit is a tar-like mineral pitch from Himalayan rocks, known for its potential to increase testosterone levels, improve sperm quality, and enhance mitochondrial function. It is commonly used as an adaptogen for male reproductive health and energy.

Bicarbonate loading buffers blood lactate; well-evidenced for high-intensity & repeated-sprint performance.

Sodium butyrate is a short-chain fatty acid supplement that supports gut health by reinforcing gut barrier integrity and modulating immune function. It shows promise in managing conditions like inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome.

Alkalizing electrolyte salt used as a pre-exercise buffer to attenuate exercise-induced acidosis during high-intensity efforts.

Sodium Hyaluronate is a form of hyaluronic acid that is used primarily for its joint lubrication and skin hydration properties. It works by retaining moisture and providing cushioning in the joints and skin, leading to improved joint function and skin elasticity.

May reduce menopausal hot flash frequency/severity with small average effect; evidence is mixed & response varies.

Spermidine is a polyamine that promotes autophagy & has potential anti-aging effects, with early human studies suggesting benefits for memory & cardiovascular health in older adults.

Blue-green algae rich in protein, B vitamins, & phycocyanin; antioxidant & exercise recovery signals in several trials.

St. John's Wort is an herbal antidepressant effective for treating mild-to-moderate depression, comparable to standard antidepressants. It interacts with many medications due to CYP3A4 induction.

Stinging Nettle is used primarily for prostate health & inflammation, with evidence supporting its benefits for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) & urinary symptoms. It may also have applications in reducing joint pain & allergic symptoms.

Stinging nettle root extract is used for its potential to bind SHBG, possibly increasing free testosterone levels, and is also utilized for relieving symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and its anti-inflammatory effects.

Strattera is a non-stimulant medication used to improve attention & impulse control in individuals with ADHD, offering benefits without the abuse potential associated with stimulant medications.

Sulbutiamine is a synthetic derivative of thiamine that crosses the blood-brain barrier more effectively, potentially improving memory and reducing fatigue, particularly in conditions like multiple sclerosis and post-infectious asthenia.

Sulforaphane is an isothiocyanate derived from broccoli sprouts that activates the Nrf2 pathway, promoting antioxidant & detoxification processes. It shows potential benefits for cancer prevention, autism spectrum disorder, & cardiovascular protection.

Thymosin fragment sold in research-chemical markets; high-quality human evidence for this fragment form is not established.

Thymosin beta-4 is studied in wound-healing contexts (preclinical + some clinical programs). 'TB500' in commerce is often loosely used; do not assume equivalence across products.

THC is the primary psychoactive component of cannabis, used for pain relief, appetite stimulation, & reducing nausea, particularly in chemotherapy patients.

TUDCA is a taurine-conjugated bile acid & chemical chaperone that inhibits ER stress, supports mitochondrial integrity, & exerts hepatoprotective effects; human RCTs demonstrate liver enzyme normalization in cirrhosis & improvements in hepatic insulin sensitivity.

Anthocyanin-rich fruit extract with anti-inflammatory & recovery properties; useful for DOMS & sleep.

Conditionally essential amino acid with roles in muscle function, antioxidant defense, & calcium handling; common in energy drinks.

Tesamorelin is a synthetic growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) analogue approved for reducing visceral fat in HIV-associated lipodystrophy, with evidence supporting its efficacy in improving body composition and metabolic profiles.

Purine alkaloid structurally related to caffeine; found in Camellia kucha tea; marketed for energy & focus with less tolerance development than caffeine.

Thiamine is an essential B vitamin crucial for glucose metabolism and mitochondrial function, particularly important for individuals with heavy alcohol use or those undergoing bariatric surgery. It supports cardiac and neurological function.

Thymalin is a polypeptide thymic extract studied primarily for its potential to restore immune function and reduce age-related pathologies, particularly in elderly populations.

Thymosin Alpha-1 is a synthetic peptide that enhances immune function and reduces inflammation, used in treating hepatitis B/C, cancer, and immune deficiencies.

TB4 has animal wound-healing data & has been evaluated in human wound indications (e.g., venous stasis ulcers). TB-500 is a synthetic fragment; direct clinical evidence for TB-500 itself is limited.

Time-restricted eating involves consuming all meals within a specific 8-10 hour window, which may improve metabolic health, aid in weight management, and reduce cardiovascular risk factors.

Tirzepatide is a dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor co-agonist approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity, demonstrating significant weight loss and metabolic control in clinical trials.

Southeast Asian herb (Eurycoma longifolia); modest evidence for testosterone support & stress reduction in men.

Trazodone is a serotonin antagonist & reuptake inhibitor (SARI) primarily prescribed for depression & widely used off-label for insomnia, with evidence supporting improvements in sleep architecture & depressive symptoms.

Tribulus Terrestris is an Ayurvedic herb often used for testosterone support, though evidence for this is weak. It may have stronger effects on sexual function, kidney stones, & blood sugar management.

Turkey Tail Mushroom is a polysaccharide-rich medicinal mushroom known for its immunostimulant activity, particularly through PSK & PSP compounds that support gut microbiome & immune defense.

Uridine Monophosphate is a supplement that supports neuronal membrane formation and synaptic plasticity, potentially benefiting cognitive function and mood, particularly in conditions like Alzheimer's disease.

Gut-derived metabolite from ellagic acid; activates mitophagy. Promising longevity & muscle endurance data.

Traditional sleep & anxiety herb; meta-analyses show modest sleep quality improvements but high trial heterogeneity.

Valerian root is an herbal supplement commonly used to improve sleep quality & reduce anxiety. It is generally well-tolerated & may help individuals with mild to moderate insomnia or anxiety disorders.

Vinpocetine is a semi-synthetic derivative of vincamine that may enhance cerebral blood flow & cognitive function, particularly in individuals with cognitive impairments or neurological conditions.

Essential fat-soluble vitamin; pregnancy safety matters (avoid excess preformed vitamin A).

Bundle of B vitamins; evidence depends on formulation & baseline deficiency. Some RCTs report improved fatigue/exercise outcomes with specific products.

Essential cobalamin; deficiency common in vegans, older adults, & those on metformin. Supplementation corrects deficiency reliably.

Essential coenzyme involved in neurotransmitter synthesis, amino acid metabolism, & immune function.

Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin that acts as a potent antioxidant, protecting cells from oxidative stress. It is primarily used to boost immune function, enhance collagen synthesis, and improve iron absorption. Key caveats include its water solubility, which limits storage in the body, necessitating regular intake.

Fat-soluble vitamin with broad roles in immune function, bone health, & musculoskeletal performance.

Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant that protects cell membranes from oxidative damage. It shows potential cardioprotective effects and may reduce exercise-induced oxidative stress, though high-dose isolated alpha-tocopherol has shown neutral-to-negative outcomes in some studies.

Menaquinone-7 (MK-7) is the long-chain form of vitamin K2 that activates matrix Gla-protein & osteocalcin, directing calcium to bone rather than arterial walls; evidence from RCTs demonstrates preservation of bone mineral density & reduction of vertebral height loss in postmenopausal women.

Vitex agnus-castus, commonly known as chasteberry, is used to alleviate symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS), regulate menstrual cycles, and manage mild hyperprolactinaemia, primarily in women.

Herbal used for PMS symptom relief; evidence includes RCTs & systematic reviews, though products/extracts vary widely.

Vyvanse is a prodrug of d-amphetamine used primarily for treating ADHD & binge eating disorder, offering improved executive function & attention with a smoother onset & longer duration of action.

Wellbutrin is a dopamine-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor approved for treating depression & aiding smoking cessation. It is also used off-label for ADHD & weight management.

Wheatgrass, derived from young Triticum aestivum shoots, is rich in chlorophyll, enzymes, & micronutrients, & may support antioxidant status & gut health.

Complete fast-digesting protein; gold standard for post-exercise muscle protein synthesis.

White Kidney Bean Extract inhibits alpha-amylase, reducing starch digestion and carbohydrate absorption, which can help manage blood sugar levels and support weight loss in overweight individuals.

White Willow Bark is a natural salicylate source with anti-inflammatory, analgesic, & antipyretic effects, commonly used for low back pain, osteoarthritis, & headaches, offering a gentler gastrointestinal profile than aspirin.

Broad coverage product; evidence is nutrient- & deficiency-dependent. Use as a practical baseline when diet is inconsistent; avoid doubling fat-soluble vitamins.

Yohimbine is an alpha-2 adrenergic receptor antagonist derived from the bark of the Pausinystalia yohimbe tree, known for increasing norepinephrine release and facilitating fat mobilization, particularly effective in a fasted state. It is used for fat loss and has potential benefits for sexual health, but may cause side effects like anxiety and hypertension at higher doses.

Essential micronutrient; relevant to immune function & reproductive physiology. Excess zinc can cause copper issues.

Zoloft is a widely prescribed SSRI used to treat depression, PTSD, OCD, panic disorder, & social anxiety, making it a first-line treatment for many anxiety & depressive disorders.